Rashidun Caliphate

• June 8, 632
  Mohammed, the founder of Islam and unifier of Arabia, dies, and Abu Bakr, his father-in-law, becomes first Caliph during Rashidun Caliphate, the term comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history
• August 22, 634
  Abu Bakr, successor of Mohammed and first Caliph, dies; Umar, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, becomes the second Caliph
• 634
  Byzantium city of Damascus is captured by the Muslims
• August 15, 636
  At the Battle at Yarmuk Islamic forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid beat a Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius and gain control of Syria and Palestine
• 638
  Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab gives an assurance of safety to the people of Jerusalem
• 639
  Islamic armies invade Egypt
• 641
  Founding of Fustat near Cairo, the first capital of Egypt under muslim rule
• November 8, 641
  After a fourteen month siege Muslims take Alexandria from Byzantine Empire completing the conquests of Egypt
• 642
  Muslim Arabs invade Armenia and capture Dvin, its principal town, slaughtered 12,000 of its inhabitants
• 642
  Islamic forces decisively defeat Persians at the battle of Nihawand completing the conquest of the Sassanid Empire
• 642
  The library at Alexandria, Egypt, disappears completely
• November 7, 644
  Caliph Umar, one of the most powerful caliphs of the Rashidun Caliphate, dies after being stabbed by Pirouz Nahavandi while the morning prayer three days before
• December 14, 644
  Uthman ibn Affan, one of the companions of Islamic prophet Muhammad, is appointed the third Caliph by council
• 650
  Zayd ibn Thabit, the personal scribe of Muhammad, with a group of some scribes complete the compilation of Muhammad's revelations into one work called the Koran
• 650
  Babylonian Talmud, a compilation of documents compiled over the period of Late Antiquity, is finalized in Mesopotamia
• 651
  Sassanid king Yazdegerd III is assassinated by local miller while his attempt to flee from Merv, marking end of Sassanid Dynasty in Persia
• June 20, 656
  Caliph Uthman ibn Affan is assassinated, thus Ali becomes caliph
• November 7, 656
  Rashidun Caliphate beats rebel forces at the Battle of the Camel, the first battle of First Islamic Civil War
• July 26, 657
  Battle of Siffin occurs between Governor of Syria Muawiyah I and Rashidun Caliphate during the first Muslim civil war
• January 31, 661
  Muawiyah I, the governor of Levant, founds Umayyad Dynasty in Damascus, after Ali, the last Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate dies, wounded by poison-coated sword while praying in mosque in Iraq three days before, which marks the split of Islam into Sunni and Shi'a branches